Thermodynamical Limits for Models of Car-Sharing Systems: the Autolib' Example

G. Fayolle, C. Fricker

2025, v.31, Issue 1, 55-78

ABSTRACT

We analyze mean-field equations obtained for models motivated by a large station-based car-sharing system in France called Autolib’. The main focus is on a version where users reserve a parking space when they take a car. In a first model, the reservation of parking spaces is effective for all users (see [bourdais2020mean]) and capacity constraints are ignored. The model is carried out in thermodynamical limit, that is when the number N of stations and the number of cars Mₙ tend to infinity, with U = lim_(N→∞) Mₙ/N. This limit is described by Kolmogorov’s equations of a two-dimensional time-inhomogeneous Markov process depicting the numbers of reservations and cars at a station. It satisfies a non-linear differential system. We prove analytically that this system has a unique solution, which converges, as t → ∞, to an equilibrium point exponentially fast. Moreover, this equilibrium point corresponds to the stationary distribution of a two-queue tandem (reservations, cars), which is here always ergodic. The intensity factor of each queue has an explicit form obtained from an intrinsic mass conservation relationship.

Two related models with capacity constraints are briefly presented in the last section: the simplest one with no reservation leads to a one-dimensional problem; the second one corresponds to our first model with finite total capacity K.

Keywords: Markov Process, Queueing Systems, Thermodynamical limit, Mean-field, Car sharing

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